Instead of adding the button to a prefab, try create a prefab from the buttons parent panel (as if it were a window prefab or something)
Then, try to copy the button, and change the new copied buttons sprite.
Apply the window prefab, and the second button should revert.
Basically
-Create panel
-Add button below panel
-Save panel as prefab
-Copy button
-Change new copied buttons sprite
-Apply panel prefab
boom!
I believe the act of copying the button is what breaks it. Perhaps there is some reference to the original hanging around?
Heres where it gets super weird. If you duplicate the panel prefab, after making a change and getting the sprite to revert itself on application of the panel prefab, the new panel prefab actually has the correct sprite!