Figured out my font problems. For the record, it appears to have been two issues:
1) Working on a Macbook Pro with Retina display. I guess this will change with the Retina compatible Unity Editor that's on the way, but right now, everything looks blurry and just "wrong" when it comes to fonts. I happen to be working on an external monitor tonight, and suddenly everything is much clearer... which has helped me to see the second issue:
2) The "Glyph Padding" setting in GlyphDesigner. I had "Spacing" set to 2, but "Glyph Padding" at the default of 0. Looking really closely at the fonts in Unity, I could see that bits were getting cut off here and there. Increased "Glyph Padding" to 2, rebuild the atlas, and bingo - all looking good.
Anyway, maybe that will help anyone else if they ever get into a similar situation.